pMaking and Breaking Proteins
/p
pcanada goose coats on sale All amino acids are joined together in exactly the same way, irrespective of the constituent R group. Each amino acid in the polypeptide chain is joined by a peptide bond (a type of covalent bond); the reaction that forms this bond releases water and so is called a condensation reaction. canada goose coats on sale
/p
pThe reverse of this reaction is called a hydrolysis reaction because it uses a water molecule to break the bond.
/p
pCanada Goose Coats On Sale Condensation reaction Canada Goose Jackets between two amino acids. This forms a Canada Goose Parka dipeptide. during digestion Canada Goose Coats On Sale
/p
pMaking Polypeptides and ProteinsThe diagram to the right shows the formation of a dipeptide. This is formed when two amino acids are joined together; as more and more amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds we have a polypeptide. Proteins can be up to several hundred amino acids long, and in some instances proteins can Canada Goose Outlet be several polypeptide chains bonded together, or to another molecule.
/p
pCanada Goose online Ribosomes are canada goose black friday sale the cellular machines responsible for selecting, moving and bonding amino acids in a specific sequence according to the instructions on messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA can be compared to the roll in a player piano. In the instrument, as the roll moves through the piano, notes are played for set lengths of time in a specified order. As the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, canada goose clearance amino acids are joined together one at a time in a condensation reaction. The sequence of amino acids (known as the primary structure of the protein) produced is determined by the mRNA. Just as a new tune on a player piano requires a different role, to make different proteins, different mRNA molecules must pass through the Ribosome. Canada Goose online
/p
pA Degenerate Code
/p
puk canada goose outlet The Triplet code is called 'degenerate' This means that there is more than one code for each amino acid. In RNA the base Uracil replaces Thymine a key difference between DNA and RNA Source uk canada goose outlet
/p
pcheap canada goose uk Endless PossibilitiesThe last hub outlined that there are 20 different amino acids, each differing from all the others due to its' unique R group. You may be thinking that 20 different amino canada goose store acids does not provide much variety. Let's put that into context. cheap canada goose uk
/p
pDNA and RNA encode information using a cheap Canada Goose 4 letter alphabet. As this alphabet is used to write 'words' (codons) that are three letters long, there are 64 possible combinations (4x4x4). Now let's imagine a polypeptide just four amino acids long. Using the same calculation, there are 160,000 possible sequences of four amino acids (20x20x20x20.) The next part of this series shows how important this primary canada goose deals sequence is, but for now, ruminate on this: Even a small protein may be 100 amino acids long the number of possible proteins of this size is huge!
/p
pcanada goose uk black friday Transcription and TranslationThe synthesis of a protein from the instructions encoded in DNA, via an mRNA intermediary is broken down into two distinct stages: canada goose uk black friday
/p
pcanada goose coats Transcription involves the synthesis of an mRNA strand. DNA cannot leave the cell for two reasons it is too big and too important. Think of mRNA as a photocopy of an important document stored in a library. Just as Canada Goose online libraries may not allow an original document to leave their care, they may be happy for you to take a copy of it mRNA is this copy that you are free to edit and tinker with. Translation copies the DNA onto an RNA strand and then edits it by the removal of non coding introns, methylation and the addition of a Poly A tail. The resultant mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pores and docks with a ribosome. canada goose coats
/p
puk canada goose Translation creates the primary structure of the protein (the order of amino acids in the chain). A Ribosome 'reads' the information contained on the a href="https://www.elcortezlv.com" rel="friend"www.elcortezlv.com/a mRNA strand: this is encoded as a 'codon' a sequence of three ribonucleotide bases. Each sequence of three bases codes for a different amino acid. The ribosome works with another molecule called tranfer RNA (tRNA). This molecule does what is says on the tin it transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide chain. Once an appropriate amino canada goose clearance sale acid is selected, the ribosome catalyses a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond between the amino acids on the growing polypeptide. uk canada goose
/p
pcanadian goose jacket This process has numerous steps and is quite complicated. The resources by John Kyrk below are outstanding and show this process in action, step by step. canadian goose jacket
/p
pcanada goose store Breaking Down ProteinsIt is an exercise in common sense that any biomolecule that takes such energy, effort and care to create is not broken down easily. The covalent bonds that bond the amino acids together are extremely strong: peptide bonds do not just fall apart. canada goose store
/p
pcanada goose factory sale It is ironic that these proteins are broken down by during digestion (this is also proof why buying and consuming 'digestive enzymes' is a load of money spinning tosh. These enzymes are broken down by proteases in your stomach, intestine and pancreas. Let me be clear, purchased digestive enzymes are not used in any meaningful way by the body's catabolic pathways. They are a waste of money.) by a group of proteins called enzymes specifically proteases. Proteases themselves have to be continually synthesised by the stomach wall (as does the proteins making up the stomach wall lining) as they attack themselves. canada goose factory sale
/p
pcanada goose These enzymes are where we shall continue our exploration of proteins in the next hub of this series. I look forward to seeing you there!Diagrams and explanation of biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids and canada goose proteins. Excellent resource well worth a lookRNA makes protein Translation canada goose
/p
pAnimated overview of DNA translation. Step by step guide and well worth a look for an in depth understanding of what occurs in this process
/p
pWhat are Proteins SeriesWhat Are Proteins? (Part 1 of 3)
/p
pcanada goose black friday sale First part of a series looking at proteins. This hub answers the questions 'Why do we Wee?' 'What are Proteins' and examines the central dogma of molecular biologyWhat Are Proteins? (Part 3 of 3) canada goose black friday sale
/p
pCanada Goose Jackets How is form related to function? How does primary structure influence tertiary structure? What is the secondary structure of a protein? What is tertiary for that matter? This hub answers these questions and more. Canada Goose Jackets
/p
pShow Details
/p
pCanada Goose sale NecessaryHubPages Device IDThis is used to identify particular browsers or devices when the access the service, and is used for security reasons. LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. Google RecaptchaThis is used to prevent bots and spam. (Privacy Policy)AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy)HubPages Google AnalyticsThis is used to provide data on traffic to our website, all personally identifyable canada goose coats on sale data is anonymized. (Privacy Policy)HubPages Traffic PixelThis is used to collect data on traffic to articles and other pages on our site. Unless you are signed in to a HubPages account, all personally identifiable information is anonymized. Amazon Web ServicesThis is a cloud services platform that we used to host our service. canada goose coats (Privacy Policy)CloudflareThis is a cloud CDN service that we a href="https://www.elcortezlv.com"canada goose outlet/a use to efficiently deliver files required for our service to operate such as javascript, cascading style sheets, images, and videos. (Privacy Policy)FeaturesGoogle Custom SearchThis is feature allows you to search the site. (Privacy Policy)Google MapsSome articles have Google Maps embedded in them. (Privacy Policy)Google AdSense Host APIThis service allows you to sign up for Canada Goose sale or associate a Google AdSense account with HubPages, so that you can earn money from ads on your articles. No data is shared unless you engage with this feature. (Privacy Policy)Google YouTubeSome articles have YouTube videos embedded in them. (Privacy Policy)VimeoSome articles have Vimeo videos embedded in them. No data is shared with Paypal unless you engage with this feature. (Privacy Policy)Facebook LoginYou can use this to streamline signing up for, buy canada goose jacket or signing in to your Hubpages account. No data is shared with Facebook unless you engage with this feature. (Privacy Policy)MavenThis supports the Maven widget and search functionality. (Privacy Policy)MarketingGoogle AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Google DoubleClickGoogle provides ad serving technology and runs an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Amazon Unified Ad MarketplaceThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)OpenxThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Rubicon ProjectThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)TripleLiftThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)Say MediaWe partner with Say Media to deliver ad campaigns on our sites. (Privacy Policy)Remarketing PixelsWe may use remarketing pixels from advertising networks such as Google AdWords, Bing Ads, and Facebook in order to advertise the HubPages Service to people that have visited our sites. Conversion Tracking PixelsWe may use conversion tracking pixels from advertising networks such as Google AdWords, Bing Ads, and Facebook in order to identify when an advertisement has successfully resulted in the desired action, such as signing up for the HubPages Service or publishing an article on the HubPages Service. (Privacy Policy)ComscoreComScore is a media measurement and analytics company providing marketing data and analytics to enterprises, media and advertising agencies, and publishers. Non consent will result in ComScore only processing obfuscated personal data. (Privacy Policy)Amazon Tracking PixelSome articles display amazon products as part of the Amazon Affiliate program, this pixel provides traffic statistics for those products (Privacy Policy) Canada Goose sale.
/p
